Technology
Recently on a rainy Saturday, I rewatched the 2011 Woody Allen movie Midnight in Paris. I’d forgotten how this odd romantic dramedy had managed to explore the question of what it would feel like to dip into parallel universes, especially ones where you could experience and influence the works of some of the brightest minds in history, knowing the context of how their works will contribute to cultural disruptions for years to come.
Today, as the world of software engineering is standing on the precipice of the next wave in modern applications, I have been thinking a lot about the foundations upon which this next phase will be built, and I realized that actually, two parallel universes over the last couple of decades have brought us here.
They are just on the edge of fully converging.
Incidentally, starting in 2011, Stanford professors like Andrew Ng, Peter Norvig and Sebastian Thrun launched the online movement with MOOC, that has since changed the lives of software engineers, mathematicians and philosophers alike. Their courses turned the spotlight to the depths of neural networks, deep learning and data systems with a level of simplicity and scale that had not been achieved in the previous five decades of all Artificial Intelligence research.
Between the brilliance of new people learning these concepts and the power of cloud computing, we saw massive breakthroughs in Machine Learning model accuracies, robustness and applications across many markets and use cases. What became crystal clear really fast was that modern applications are going to have a massive transition from being primarily logic-driven (from the days of flowcharts and code cards) to being data-driven. Now, in 2022, Machine Learning has become a major pillar for all applications.
While ML models and algorithms were seeing massive breakthroughs in the “research labs,” deploying these models from training to production faced many complexities (check out the hidden technical debt of ML systems for a good take on what it takes to productize Machine Learning). During the early days, engineers had to move workloads through different pipelines and re-write code from scratch, which pushed many companies on the ML frontier to work together on various standards. Can you imagine the frustrations of re-working complex algorithms and underlying data pipelines? Back when I was heading up ML at Arm, we helped define ONNX, one such standard, that enabled ML model deployment across millions of devices. In many ways, it was planting the seeds of ML across the Edge - seeds that now enable a wide range of functionality on phones, industrial systems, and autonomous vehicles, all systems that users depend on every day.
Over the years, many techniques and projects have come about to support model serialization, and one of the most powerful and preferred approaches is through Microservices. Now engineering teams can work together to transfer Machine Learning models to production by running native Microservices and API endpoints with support for inferencing, versioning, auto-scaling, and security capabilities.
Among the customers we have been talking to, this pairing of ML and Microservices is growing fast. Perhaps in 2015, ML innovation was largely thriving in giant companies like Apple, Google and Netflix. But now ML is everywhere, even within operational companies where ML and Infra skills are not native to their core business. Now, Machine Learning needs Microservices more than ever.
Shifting into a different parallel universe in the 2010s, the world of operating systems and distributed systems was seeing innovations of a different kind. With the Linux distributions picking up the open innovations on operating system-level virtualization, the world of virtual machines and cloud applications was about to be disrupted.
The growing support for kernel cgroups and isolated namespaces allowed for multiple isolated applications to execute without the need for starting new virtual machines. These new concepts of containers and Microservices-based design patterns accelerated other changes in cultures within software teams. Many forward thinking teams started building modular systems with the newfound agility, architected applications for performant resource utilization, and started experimentation of new versions of services and APIs, which wasn’t possible previously without affecting the entire monolith application. With this growing march towards Microservices and containers, new ways to rethink the entire software stack from the core became inevitable.
From a bystanders viewpoint, this disruption is hard to comprehend. While we might need a different blog post to break apart the myths, the top three points we come across are:
The truth is, what we are seeing within customer stacks and engineering teams has been an eye-opening experience.
We are not talking about “mega companies” like Uber or Citibank or T-Mobile, where large engineering teams are dedicated to tackle the scale that isn’t commonly seen. Engineering teams across all industries like High Tech, FinTech and banking, E-Commerce and online marketplaces and beyond, are in the midst of multi-quarter Microservices migration projects. Whether these businesses are building to be API-first, Machine-Learning driven, or IoT-powered, it is very clear that modern applications are built with Microservices.
And the scale within these green-field adopters is mind-blowing. As an example, one of our unicorn customers runs 100s of clusters with 200+ services each, with daily releases of new APIs and services as and when possible. With the scale and volume of data being generated from these systems, engineering teams are struggling to keep up with daily or hourly changes in their highly dynamic environments - often stuck in a reactive loop applying fixes after breakages happen.
Human response cannot tackle the scale and complexity of such systems. And in a roundabout way, Microservices now need Machine Learning.
In short, Microservices made Machine Learning mainstream, and now Machine Learning is needed to make Microservices mainstream.
As enterprises cross the chasm towards Microservices and Machine Learning – like the Yin and Yang of modern applications, the convergence of these technologies will cause a paradigm shift far greater than the geniuses of The Lost Generation in 1920s Paris (or Woody Allen) could ever imagine. I am excited to see what the rest of the 2020’s have to offer.
